National Institute of Health

What Is the National Institution Of Health?

The National Institutes of Health, abbreviated as NIH (with each letter pronounced separately), is the primary government agency in the United States responsible for biomedical and public health research. It was established in the late 1880s and is now a component of the US Department of Health and Human Services. The majority of NIH facilities are in Bethesda, Maryland, and other nearby suburbs of the Washington metropolitan area, with other primary facilities in North Carolina's Research Triangle Park and smaller satellite facilities scattered across the country. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) conducts its own scientific research through the Intramural Research Program (IRP) and provides significant biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through the Extramural Research Program.

As of 2013, the IRP had 1,200 principal investigators and over 4,000 postdoctoral fellows in basic, translational, and clinical research, making it the world's largest biomedical research institution, while the extramural arm provided 28% of biomedical research funding spent annually in the United States, or approximately $26.4 billion. 

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is made up of 27 separate institutes and centers that specialize in various biomedical disciplines. It is responsible for many scientific achievements, such as the discovery of fluoride to prevent tooth decay, the use of lithium to treat bipolar disorder, and the development of vaccines against hepatitis, Haemophilus influenzae (HIB), and human papillomavirus (HPV).

In 2019, the NIH was ranked second in the world for biomedical sciences, trailing only Harvard University, according to the Nature Index, which measured the largest contributors to papers published in a subset of leading journals from 2015 to 2018.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary federal biomedical research agency in the United States, with the mission of improving national health through discovery and innovation, fostering resources to prevent disease, expanding the biomedical knowledge base, and promoting high-level scientific conduct. These objectives support the National Institutes of Health's mission to "enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce the burdens of illness and disability" by funding and conducting scientific research.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) began in 1887 as a small laboratory within the Marine Hospital Service (MHS) in response to advances in microbiology and subsequent efforts to better understand infectious diseases such as cholera.

In 1902, Congress established the Division of Pathology and Bacteriology, which, along with the newly established Divisions of Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Zoology, was housed in the MHS, which was reorganized as the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service (PH-MHS, eventually shorted to Public Health Service). This legislation was significant in that it allowed the PH-MHS to hire scientist researchers in addition to physicians to carry out the Service's mission of public health research. The Hygienic Laboratory was renamed the National Institutes of Health in 1930 as a result of the Ransdell Act, and its research focus was expanded to include general biomedical research. Between 1937 and 1998, the organization grew to include the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health today.

The majority of NIH grants are "investigator initiated," which means that the principal investigator is in charge of developing the project's ideas, concepts, methods, and approaches. The grantee submits a yearly progress report, but NIH personnel are not involved in the work. Cooperative agreements, like grants, are intended to aid and support research or related activities. They do, however, include a significant scientific and/or technical role by NIH staff, such as coordination of awardee activities or approval of project phases or processes. Applications for cooperative agreements are typically solicited through a specific Request for Applications (RFA), which describes the activities that will be supported as well as NIH staff involvement.

 

Is The National Institute of Health A Government Agency?

The USDepartment of Health and Human Services oversees the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is funded by the US government. The NIH must first obtain a budget from Congress before allocating funds. They are also supported by donors.

The NIH is made up of several Institutes and Centers. These Institutes and Centers represent the NIH's program activities.

Some of the top ten institutes, along with a brief description of their primary missions, are as follows:

·         The mission of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) is to "lead a national effort to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality and, eventually, to prevent the disease NCI conducts and supports programs to understand the causes of cancer, prevent, detect, diagnose, treat, and control cancer, and disseminate information to practitioners, patients, and the general public through basic and clinical biomedical research and training."

·         The National Center for Research Resources' (NCRR) objective is to "Through cooperative research programs and shared resources that establish, develop, and supply a wide range of human, annual, technological, and other resources, biomedical research is advanced and human health is improved. The NCRR concentrates on four research fields: comparative medicine, clinical research, biomedical technology, and research infrastructure."

·         • According to its mission statement, the National Eye Institute's (NEI) goal is to "conduct and support research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs relating to blinding eye diseases, visual disorders, mechanisms of visual function, sight preservation, and the special health issues and needs of the blind."

·         The mission of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is to "provide leadership for a national research program in diseases of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and blood, as well as in transfusion medicine, by supporting innovative basic, clinical, population-based, and health education research."

·         The National Human Genome Research Institute's (NHGRI) objective is to "support the Human Genome Project's National Institutes of Health section. The Human Genome Project is an international research initiative that aims to analyze the structure of human DNA and locate the estimated 100,000 human genes. Technology is developed and used by the NHGRI Intramural Research Program to better comprehend, recognize, and cure genetic disorders."

·         • The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is responsible for "supporting and conducting research and research training that aims to understand, treat, and ultimately prevent the myriad infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases that threaten the lives of millions of people."

·         The mission of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) is to "conduct and support a wide range of research on the normal structure and function of bones, muscles, and skin, as well as the many and varied diseases that affect these tissues NIAMS also conducts research training, epidemiologic studies, and information dissemination."

·         The mission of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) is to support and conduct "research on fertility, pregnancy, growth, development, and medical rehabilitation, with the goal of ensuring that every child is born healthy and wanted, and grows up free from disease and disability."

·         The mission of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), formerly known as the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR), is to "provide leadership for a national research program designed to understand, treat, and eventually prevent the infectious and inherited craniofacial-oral-dental diseases and disorders that endanger millions of human lives."

·         The mission of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) is to "conduct and support basic and applied research, and serve as the national program's leader in diabetes, endocrinology, and metabolic diseases; digestive diseases and nutrition; and kidney, urologic, and hematologic diseases Several of these diseases are among the leading causes of disability and death, and they all have a negative impact on the quality of life of those who suffer from them."

 

Where Is National Institute of Health Located?

Intramural research is primarily conducted at the main campus in Bethesda, Maryland, and the surrounding communities, as well as in Rockville, Maryland.

The Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, is home to nearly 1,000 scientists and support staff from the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and the National Human Genome Research Institute.

 Many components of the National Cancer Institute are housed at the Frederick National Laboratory in Frederick, MD, and the nearby Riverside Research Park, including the Center for Cancer Research, Office of Scientific Operations, Management Operations Support Branch, Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics division, and Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis division.

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is located in North Carolina's Research Triangle region.

Other ICs have satellite locations in addition to main campus operations. The Rocky Mountain Labs of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases are located in Hamilton, Montana, and specialize in BSL3 and BSL4 laboratory work. In Phoenix, Arizona, the NIDDK runs the Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch.

 

Who Funds National Institute of Health?

Politics and the Budget

The NIH must first obtain a budget from Congress before allocating funds. This process begins with institute and center (IC) leaders working with scientists to identify the most important and promising research areas in their respective fields. IC leaders discuss research areas with NIH management, who then develops a budget request from the Director for ongoing projects, new research proposals, and new initiatives. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) submits its budget request to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), which considers it as part of its budget. Before the agency submits NIH's budget request to the Office of Management and Budget, many adjustments and appeals take place between NIH and HHS (OMB).

OMB decides which amounts and research areas are included in the President's final budget. In February, the President sends the NIH budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year's allocations. The House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees deliberate, and Congress usually appropriates funds by the fall. Before the NIH can allocate any actual funds, this process takes about 18 months.

When the government shuts down, the NIH continues to treat people who are already enrolled in clinical trials, but no new clinical trials are started, and no new patients who are not already enrolled in a clinical trial are admitted, except for the most critically ill, as determined by the NIH Director.

Funding from the past

Over the last century, the responsibility for allocating funding has shifted from the OD and Advisory Committee to individual ICs, and Congress has increasingly set aside funds for specific causes. Congress began to earmark funds specifically for cancer research in the 1970s, and AIDS/HIV research received significant funding in the 1980s.

Funding for the NIH has frequently been a source of contention in Congress, serving as a proxy for current political currents. During the 1980s, President Reagan repeatedly attempted to cut research funding, only to have Congress partially restore it.

Political wrangling over NIH funding slowed the nation's response to the AIDS epidemic; while AIDS was reported in newspaper articles beginning in 1981, no funding was provided for disease research. In 1984, scientists at the National Cancer Institute discovered that "variants of a human cancer virus called HTLV-III are the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)," a new epidemic that gripped the country.

In 1992, the NIH controlled nearly 1% of the federal government's operating budget and over 50% of all funding for health research and 85% of all funding for health studies in universities. The NIH budget more than doubled between 1993 and 2001.

For a time, funding was essentially flat, and the NIH budget struggled to keep up with inflation for seven years following the financial crisis.

Congress increased the NIH budget by $2.3 billion in 1999, bringing it to $17.2 billion in 2000. The NIH budget was increased by Congress in 2009 to $31 billion in 2010. In 2017 and 2018, Congress passed bipartisan legislation significantly increasing NIH appropriations, which were 37.3 billion dollars in FY2018.

Criteria for funding

In its funding policy, the NIH uses five broad decision criteria. First, use a rigorous peer review process to ensure the highest quality of scientific research. Second, seize opportunities that have the greatest potential for yielding new knowledge and leading to better disease prevention and treatment. Third, keep a diverse research portfolio in order to capitalize on major breakthroughs in fields such as cell biology, genetics, physics, engineering, and computer science. Fourth, prioritize public health needs based on disease burden (e.g., prevalence and mortality). Fifth, build and support the scientific infrastructure required for research (e.g., well-equipped laboratories and secure research facilities).

Members of the advisory committee advise the Institute on policy and procedures affecting external research programs and provide a second level of review for all grant and cooperative agreement applications considered for funding by the Institute.

 

Bachelors In Psychology Jobs

According to Jack Kelly, CEO of Compliance Search Group, "workers with high EQ [emotional intelligence] tend to make better decisions, maintain their composure under pressure and stress, deftly resolve conflicts, respond positively to constructive feedback, work well with others, and demonstrate leadership abilities."

What Jobs Can I Get With Bachelors Degree In Psychology?

“What can I do with a Psychology Bachelor's”, is a question you might be asking yourself if you're about to graduate from college. During your undergraduate psychology courses, you develop a variety of abilities, including how to think critically, sympathize with others, and communicate effectively. And employers are aware of their worth. Several avenues are open to you whether you want to immediately enter the workforce or pursue further study.

Here’s the list of the mammoth amount of job opportunity that you can pursue with a bachelor’s degree in psychology-

·         Activities Director

·         Labor Relations Manager

·         Admissions Evaluator

·         Loan Officer

·         Advertising Sales Representative

·         Management Analyst

·         Alumni Director

·         Market Research Analyst

·         Animal Trainer

·         Occupational Analyst

·         Benefits Manager

·         Patient Resources Reimbursement Agent

·         Career/Employment Counselor

·         Personnel Recruiter

·         Career Information Specialist

·         Police Officer

·         Caseworker

·         Polygraph Examiner

·         Child Development Specialist

·         Preschool Teacher

·         Child Welfare/Placement Caseworker

·         Probation/Parole Officer

·         Claims Supervisor

·         Project Evaluator

·         Coach

·         Psychiatric Aide/Attendant

·         Community Organization Worker

·         Psychiatric Technician

·         Community Worker

·         Psychological Stress Evaluator

·         Computer Programmer

·         Psychosocial Rehabilitation Specialist (PSR)

·         Conservation Officer

·         Public Relations Representative

·         Correctional Treatment Specialist

·         Purchasing Agent

·         Corrections Officer

·         Real Estate Agent

·         Criminal Investigator (FBI and other)

·         Recreation Leader

·         Customer Service Representative Supervisor

·         Recreation Supervisor

·         Data Base Administrator

·         Research Assistant

·         Data Base Design Analyst

·         Retail Salesperson

·         Department Manager

·         Sales Clerk

·         Disability Policy Worker

·         Social Services Aide

·         Disability Case Manager

·         Substance Abuse Counselor

·         Employee Health Maintenance Program Specialist

·         Systems Analyst

·         Employee Relations Specialist

·         Technical Writer

·         Employment Counselor

·         Veterans Contact Representative

·         Employment Interviewer

·         Veterans Counselor

·         Financial Aid Counselor

·         Victims’ Advocate

·         Fund Raiser

·         Vocational Training Teacher

·         Health Care Facility Administrator

·         Volunteer Coordinator

·         Human Resource Advisor

·         Writer

·         Information Specialist

·         Job Analyst

 

So now you know that you have an entire world of possibilities opened up in front of you, if you have a Bachelor’s in Psychology degree, let’s discuss some of the best opportunities in detail.

·         Psychologist

 

Psychologyresearch is commonly connected to treatment. But only a small percentage of undergraduate psychology majors choose to go in this direction. Most states require a bachelor's degree, a doctoral degree, as well as 1-2 years of training and license in order to become a clinical psychologist.

·         Marketing-

Marketing occupations are a good fit for psychology degrees. Many positions within the marketing umbrella closely relate to the undergraduate courses you take in social psychology, human behavior, research design, and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. An awareness of the culture, such as prevalent or popular attitudes or views, is beneficial for creative    positions in advertising. Understanding how to conduct research and interpret results is necessary for positions in market research. Successful careers in sales necessitate a high degree of empathy and effective listening abilities.

·         Journalism and Public Relations

To become a journalist, you don't always need to study journalism or English. Having a background in psychology can be helpful. You can develop the analytical abilities required for reporting on complicated themes by being able to understand case studies and research. A high degree of empathy might also improve your interviewing skills. Not to mention that you can count the several academic papers you produced while pursuing your undergraduate degree as writing experience. Public relations (PR) professionals need to be polite and effective communicators, two skills that psychology students frequently possess. You must have excellent networking abilities and the capacity to preserve cordial interactions with journalists, managers, and clients if you want to succeed in PR.

·         UX Designer

UX designers generally work in a digital setting, such as a company's website or app, to make products and services more user-friendly, intuitive, and pleasurable. You make links between data and design as a UX designer. For instance, you might see that visitors are coming to a client's website but are leaving rapidly. To pique customers' interest in the product or service, UX designers ascertain why and modify the design. Knowledge of psychology is helpful in this line of work. A better designer is one who understands things like memory restriction, cognitive load, and the psychology of colors. To make yourself a more competitive candidate, you might think about obtaining a credential in UX design or enrolling in a boot camp. These programs are fairly short, ranging from 10 weeks to six months.

·         Human Resources

Human resources (HR) experts, among other things, hire job applicants, manage them while they work for a firm, and terminate them as needed.

A major in HR is offered by some schools and institutions, but not all of them. Many students major in psychology with the goal of working in human resources. Learning about the reward system and motivating variables during your psychology courses will help you become a more successful, sympathetic HR manager.

·         Counseling

Consider a profession in counseling if you're seeking for a means to assist people in achieving their goals in a one-on-one setting but don't want to get a doctoral degree to become a clinical psychologist.

You can choose to specialize in a variety of fields, including as counseling for substance abuse, grief, marriage, school, and career. A psychology undergraduate degree can help you get ready for counseling graduate programs. The demand for counselors of all stripes will increase in the upcoming years.

·         Teaching

A bachelor's degree in education is not always required to work as a teacher. An excellent foundation for teaching is provided by a liberal arts education.

However, the theories and abilities you acquire from majoring in psychology in particular will make it easier for you to empathize with pupils and provide an example of effective communication.

·         Audiologist or speech language pathologist

Psychology and medicine are closely related because one's mental health affects how they are as a whole. To begin a job in healthcare, you don't need a degree in science or medicine. Speech-language pathologists and audiologists will be in high demand in the upcoming years.

Between 2020 and 2030, demand for audiologists will rise 16%, whereas demand for speech pathologists will rise 29%. Hearing abnormalities are recognized, evaluated, and treated by audiologists. People with difficulties of swallowing and communication are treated by speech-language pathologists. These two experts occasionally collaborate. Both require graduate degrees, which can be obtained in 2-3 years.

·         Public Administration

Students in graduate public administration programs are prepared to implement governmental policy. You might think about pursuing a career in public administration if you like organizing, planning, and creating improvements.

You require a solid grasp of social psychology, communication, urban planning, and social science research methods to operate in this field. You can create, implement, and assess the effectiveness of government initiatives with the use of these talents. Graduates with a master's in public policy can work for nonprofit organizations, governmental agencies, or private policy firms. Work is available in a variety of fields, including healthcare, management of natural resources, and social justice. Your primary responsibilities will be conducting research, evaluating the effectiveness of programs, and perhaps supervising other workers and projects.

 

What Federal Jobs Can I Get With A Bachelors Of Arts In Psychology?

The government needs employees who understand psychology for various positions. The Federal Bureau of Investigation hires psychology majors as special agents and forensic psychologists. Police precincts hire them as officers because of their skills in mediating and de-escalating situations.

There are many different government positions available for people with psychology degrees. You will be more competitive for some jobs at the federal, state, or municipal levels if you have a psychology background. The majority of these positions involve counseling employees, prisoners, and soldiers, creating criminal profiles, or examining people's behavior to prevent terrorism, crime, fraud, and drug trafficking.

The top five government positions for those with psychology degrees are listed below-

·         Correctional Counselor-

To assist in managing prisoners, correctional counselors collaborate with the US Department of Justice or a state-equivalent agency. Their primary goal is to provide convicts with counseling in areas including crisis management, sex offending, drug misuse, suicide prevention, and HIV/AIDS awareness.

Additionally, they act as witnesses in criminal defendants' disciplinary hearings and instruct new inmates on how to adapt to prison life. The annual salary range for those who desire to work as correctional counselors is $27,623 to $69,533. The facility you work for and your level of experience have a big impact on your pay. In comparison to state or municipal prisons, federal prison employees make higher money.

·         Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Department –

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses behavioral science techniques to ascertain the mental processes and motivations of terrorists and criminals. The team heavily relies on psychologists' expertise to assist in their analysis of criminal and terrorist conduct. The psychologists act as detectives and occasionally participate in detentions and arrests. They explore to find new ways to investigate crimes in addition to studying the perpetrators' actions. Psychologists who desire to work for the FBI can anticipate annual earnings between $35,431 and $123,384.

·         Military Psychologist-

Particularly after returning from combat, soldiers frequently have PTSD, depression, and anxiety-related issues. Soldiers who are struggling with these issues receive assistance from military psychiatrists. They provide them with diagnosis, care, and hope. They aid the soldiers in coping with nightmares, flashbacks, terror, and social isolation brought on by their military service. Hospitals, research facilities, or military installations may employ military psychologists. Military psychologists who want to work should budget between $40,000 and $65,000 annually.

·         Criminal Profiler-

Criminal profilers collaborate with national or local law enforcement to find and bring charges against suspects. They typically look at the tangible evidence offered and any additional behavioral traits that can aid them in learning the truth about the concerned suspect.

Due to their extensive knowledge of behavioral traits, psychologists play a significant part in criminal profiling. They examine all the information at hand to identify any potential behavioral hints that might indicate the suspect's guilt or innocence. Earnings for criminal profilers range from $33,988 to $97,871.

·         Veteran Counselor-

Veteran counselors collaborate with different veteran affairs organizations to assist their members in coping with the sadness and anxiety brought on by negative military experiences. To decide on the best course of treatment for their clients, they work together with specialists in both primary care and mental health.

Veterans can assist returning soldiers in adjusting to civilian life. This entails educating students about interpersonal interactions, social norms, families, money, and career objectives. Counselors with experience make between $24,878 and $61,823 a year.

Having a psychology degree expands one's employment options both in the public and commercial sectors. To obtain employment as a psychology degree holder and take advantage of lucrative pay and job satisfaction, all you need is the appropriate training, a positive outlook, and some work experience.

 

How Hard Is It To Get Jobs With Bachelors In Psychology?

One of the most well-liked college majors in the entire world is psychology. Despite the degree's popularity, many people are unsure of how to support themselves after studying in psychology. Some students may find it overwhelming and perhaps a bit terrifying because the degree might open up an almost infinite number of employment options.

Here we have listed some of the major obstacle that might come in your way while you are trying to pursue a career with a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology-

·         The length of time it takes to become a licensed psychologist can be found in great detail on the internet. But the length that 10 years can seem like cannot be overstated. If you are an 18-year-old recent high school graduate who is determined to pursue a career as a licensed clinical psychologist, you must first complete four years of college as an undergrad before spending an additional five years in a PhD program as a graduate student.

After receiving your PhD, you must commit to a further year of postgraduate studies or an internship and an additional prolonged period of time to fulfill the requirement for supervised experience, for a total commitment of ten years. You will still be buried in textbooks, eking out a livelihood as a teaching assistant or intern while many of your colleagues will have long since entered the workforce and begun to enjoy comfortable living standards. Keep in mind, though, that if you persist with it, there are plenty of benefits and money will come eventually.

 

·         Your license of being a psychologist doesn’t work everywhere. If You Are a Licensed Psychologist in California, You Might Not Be a Licensed Psychologist in New York. One of the most sought-after college degrees in the nation is a bachelor's degree in psychology.

 

·         Every year, literally hundreds or even thousands of students who have no interest in becoming psychologists receive psychology degrees.

One of the most sought-after college degrees in the nation is a bachelor's degree in psychology. Every year, literally hundreds or even thousands of students who have no interest in becoming psychologists receive psychology degrees.

So, you must pay more attention if becoming a psychologist is your ultimate objective.

Depending on the size of the school, this fact also translates to packed first-year introductory lectures with 100–400 students.

 

You must put in extra effort if you want to stand out in the crowd. So, you must pay more attention if becoming a psychologist is your ultimate objective. Depending on the size of the school, this fact also translates to packed first-year introductory lectures with 100–400 students. You must put in extra effort if you want to stand out in the crowd.